lundi 15 décembre 2014
Simple Spelling Guide
English Spelling!
I often apologise for the horrors of English spelling, along with my rather frequent apologies for English pronunciation it means I do a lot of apologising, but it's a fact: To speak English well, you need vocabulary, a nice accent, and good grammar. To write English well, you need vocabulary, grammar, an understanding of punctuation and good spelling.
As you learn English you might start to ask yourself, "Why is English spelling such a nightmare in the first place?" One reason is that English has adopted words from many other languages, sometimes we keep the spelling and sometimes we change it to suit us. In Olde Worlde England words were written as they sounded (phonetically) and so one word could often be spelt in many different ways, seemingly you only need to look at original Shakespeare manuscripts to see this chaos in action. Eventually spelling was standardised and set in stone in numerous dictionaries, but the chaos peeks through from time to time. As you learn English you will notice the pronunciation of a word often bears no resemblance to the way it is spelt, (sorry) usually you will find a historical reason for this.
The good news is that although many English words have irregular spellings there are some rules that can help you. Watch out though, for every rule there are always some exceptions (sorry)!
English has over 1,100 different ways to spell its 44 separate sounds, more than any other language, think of it as a game rather than a chore.
How to Improve Your Spelling
- Keep a notebook of words you find difficult to spell. Underline the part of the word that you find most difficult.
- Use a dictionary, not a spell-checker! OK use a spell-checker, but don't rely on it. Spell-checkers don't check for meaning<<click here for more, the most common misspelt words I have seen on the net are there and their.
- Learn words with their possible prefixes and suffixes.
- Learn the rules, but don't rely on them. As I mentioned earlier for every rule there is at least one exception. For example:-
| i before e except after c |
|---|
| One of the first English spelling rules that was learnt in most schools is "i before e except after c". This only works when the pronunciation of the word is like a long ee as in shield. |
For example:-
piece, relief, niece, priest, thief but after cconceive, conceit, receive, receipt |
| when A or I is the sound it's the other way round |
with an 'a' sound - deign, eight, neighbour, feign, reign, vein, weight
with an 'i' sound either, feisty, height, neither, sleight
|
Exceptions (sorry):
seize, weird, conscientious, conscience, efficient . . . |
Silent Letters
There are lots of silent letters in English. Yes, we stick letters in a word and then we don't pronounce them (sorry).
Prefixes and Suffixes
Adding a prefix to a word doesn't usually change the spelling of the stem of the word.
For example:-
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Adding a suffix to a word often changes the spelling of the stem of the word. The following may help you work out the changes. Again there are exceptions, so if you're not sure - look it up in your dictionary.
| Words ending in a consonant | ||
|---|---|---|
| When the suffix begins with a consonant, just add the ending without any changes. | ||
For example:-
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| Doubling the consonant | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For most words with a short vowel sound, ending with a single consonant, double the consonant when adding a suffix that starts with a vowel, such as er, ed or ing. | ||||||||||||||||
For example:-
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| For words endling in l after a vowel, double the l before adding er, ed or ing. | ||||||||||||||||
For example:-
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| Exceptions: Some words ending in r, x, w or y are exceptions to the doubling rule
And if your main word has two consonants at the end, or more than one vowel, don't double the consonant.
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Word Endings
| Words ending in ce and ge | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| When you want to add a suffix starting with a or o leave the e in. | ||||||
For example:-
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Exceptions:
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| Words ending in ie | |
|---|---|
| When you want to add ing to verbs ending in ie, drop the e and change the i to a y. | |
For example:-
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| Words ending in y after a consonant | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| When you want to add suffixes such -as, -ed, -es, -er, -eth, -ly, -ness, -ful and -ous to a word ending in y after a consonant, change the y to an i before adding the suffix. | ||||||||||||||
For example:-
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| Words ending in y after a vowel | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Keep the y when adding suffixes such as er, ing or ed. | ||||||||||||
For example:-
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You may be confused by some differences in spelling that are actually caused by the differences between American (AmE) and British (BrE)<<click here for more English spelling. It's not that one is right or better and the other wrong or worse, the trick is to learn one form of spelling and stick to it. Try not to mix them up.
